Defamation (False ‘Phobia’ Accusations) Act 2025
명예훼손(허위 “공포” 주장) 법
An Act to address a specific type of defamation by remedying the false accusation of a person as being ‘phobic’ or suffering from a ‘phobia’ of something without rational basis.
[1 February Seongchi 3]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Definitions
For the purposes of this Act:
(a) ‘Defamatory statement’ means a libel (written or published) or slander (spoken) statement that is false, damaging to the reputation of the targeted person, and communicated to a third party.
(b) ‘Targeted person’ means any natural person targeted by a defamatory statement.
(c) ‘Phobic’ or ‘phobia’ refers to an irrational and excessive fear of something.
Section 2. False ‘phobic’ accusations
(a) A statement is a defamatory statement for the purposes of this Act if it falsely accuses a person of being ‘phobic’ or suffering from a ‘phobia’ of something when that person is not in irrational fear of that thing and is communicated to a third party.
(b) Any person found guilty of making such a defamatory statement shall be liable for defamation under this Act.
Section 3. Defences
(a) Truth: It shall be a defense to a defamation claim under this Act if the accused can prove that ‘phobic’ accusation against the targeted person is true.
(b) Privilege: Statements made in the course of legal proceedings, legislative debates, or other privileged communications shall not be considered defamatory under this Act.
Section 4. Remedies
(a) Any person found guilty of defamation under this Act shall be liable for damages to the affected person, including compensatory and punitive damages.
(b) Injunctive Relief: The High Court of the Supreme Court of Justice may grant injunctive relief to prevent further publication of the defamatory statement.
Section 5. Commonwealth delegated legislation
His Majesty’s Government may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 6. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Corporations Act 2025
회사 법
An Act to make provision for ethical business practices and harmony within corporations and encourage businesses to operate with integrity and a focus on the common good and for connected purposes.
[1 February Seongchi 3]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Ethical business practices
The purpose of this Act is to promote ethical business practices and harmony within corporations. Businesses are encouraged to operate with integrity, respect for hierarchy, and a focus on the common good.
Section 2. Loyalty
Directors and officers shall demonstrate loyalty to the corporation, its shareholders, and stakeholders. They shall prioritise the long-term interests of the corporation over short-term gains and personal interests.
Section 3. Humane corporate behaviour
Corporations shall be humane, just, proper, and wise in their interactions with employees, customers, and the community.
Section 4. Ethical management
Directors and officers shall provide ethical management within the corporation and exemplify virtuous behaviour. They should uphold the values of honesty and trustworthiness in their actions and decisions.
Section 5. Commonwealth delegated legislation
His Majesty’s Government may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 6. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Commercial Act 2025
상법
An Act to promote harmonious and ethical commercial relationships founded upon integrity, trustworthiness, and respect for all parties involved.
[1 February Seongchi 3]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Contractual freedom
Individuals and business associations shall enjoy the freedom to enter into commercial contracts without unreasonable restrictions. Contractual disputes shall be resolved through private negotiations or legal mechanisms. The legal system shall provide efficient mechanisms for enforcing commercial contracts and resolving disputes in a timely manner.
Section 2. Reciprocity and trust
Business relationships shall be built on reciprocity and trust, where mutual benefit and cooperation are valued. Parties should uphold their commitments and obligations to foster long-term trust and collaboration.
Section 3. Humaneness
Commercial practices shall reflect benevolence and compassion towards customers, suppliers, and partners. Business decisions should consider the well-being of all stakeholders and contribute to the betterment of society.
Section 4. Ethical conduct and accountability
Transparency and honesty shall guide commercial dealings, focusing on serving the common good.
Section 5. Dispute Resolution
Disputes arising from commercial transactions shall be resolved through mediation and conciliation, emphasising mutual understanding and harmony. Legal proceedings should be a last resort, with a focus on preserving relationships and finding mutually beneficial solutions.
Section 6. Compliance and enforcement
Legal remedies shall be available to address breaches of ethical standards and commercial practices.
Section 7. Commonwealth delegated legislation
His Majesty’s Government may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 8. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Business Registration Act 2025
사업자 등록법
An Act to make provision for the efficient registration of businesses with minimal hurdles, and for connected purposes.
[1 February Seongchi 3]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Simplified business registration
All individuals or entities seeking to conduct business activities shall be able to register their businesses with minimal bureaucratic hurdles. Business registration shall be streamlined to encourage entrepreneurship and economic growth.
Section 2. Limited government intervention
His Majesty’s Government shall refrain from imposing excessive regulations on businesses, allowing for a free market environment. Business owners shall have the autonomy to operate their businesses without undue interference from the state.
Section 3. Commonwealth delegated legislation
His Majesty’s Government may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 4. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Taxation Act 2025
세법
An Act to promote a fair and simple taxation system, and for connected purposes.
[1 February Seongchi 3]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Minimal government intervention
His Majesty’s Government shall refrain from excessive taxation and regulation to allow for maximum economic freedom.
Section 2. Low taxation rates
Tax rates shall be set at a minimum level necessary to fund essential government functions. Taxation shall be designed to be simple and non-intrusive.
Section 3. Flat tax system
A flat tax system shall be implemented, where all individuals pay the same tax rate regardless of income or profits. This system shall promote fairness and simplicity in taxation.
Section 4. Tax incentives for growth
Tax incentives and deductions may be provided to encourage investment, innovation, and economic growth.
Section 5. Limited government spending
Spending by His Majesty’s Government shall be restrained to prevent excessive taxation and budget deficits.
Section 6. Transparency and accountability
Taxpayers shall have the right to understand how their tax payments are being utilised and hold His Majesty’s Government accountable for its fiscal decisions through their representatives in the House of Peoples of the Commonwealth Assembly.
Section 7. Enforcement and compliance
The Court of the Exchequer of the High Court of the Supreme Court of Justice shall have jurisdiction to impose deterrent penalties for tax evasion and uphold the integrity of the taxation system.
Section 8. Commonwealth delegated legislation
His Majesty’s Government may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 9. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Foreign Investment Act 2025
외국인 투자법
An Act to promote a pro-business and laissez-faire approach to foreign investment,
and for connected purposes
[1 February Seongchi 3]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Protection of foreign investments
Foreign investors shall have the right to invest in any part of the Commonwealth without discrimination or undue obstacles. Investments made by foreign entities shall be protected against expropriation or unfair treatment by public authorities at the levels of the Commonwealth and confederal subjects.
Section 2. Governmental non-interference
Foreign investors shall be allowed to operate their businesses and own and control their business assets with minimal governmental interference. Public authorities at the levels of the Commonwealth and confederal subjects shall refrain from imposing restrictions on the repatriation of profits and capital by foreign investors.
Section 3. Dispute resolution mechanisms
Mechanisms for the resolution of disputes between foreign investors and public authorities at the levels of the Commonwealth and confederal subjects shall be fair, efficient, and impartial. International arbitration may be provided as a means to resolve investment disputes in accordance with international standards.
Section 4. Incentives for foreign investment
(1) Foreign investment shall be recognised as a driver of economic growth, job creation, and technological advancement. Public authorities at the levels of the Commonwealth and confederal subjects. shall actively promote and support foreign investment activities that contribute to the development of the local economy.
(2) Incentives such as tax breaks, subsidies, or special economic zones may be offered to attract foreign investment and promote economic development. Foreign investors contributing to job creation, technology transfer, or infrastructure development may be eligible for additional incentives.
Section 5. Commonwealth delegated legislation
His Majesty’s Government may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 6. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Act Against Relativism 2024
상대주의에 반대하는 법률
An Act to make provision about the law against the false ideology of relativism, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Objective truth
The pursuit of objective truth is fundamental to the advancement of knowledge and human civilisation. Objective truth exists and can be known. All individuals shall have the right to access and pursue objective truth.
Section 2. Rejection of relativism
Any form of relativism shall not hinder the pursuit of objective truth in the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth and its citizens shall reject the following propositions of relativism:
(1) There is no absolute truth;
(2) Absolute truth, even if it exists, cannot be known either wholly or partly;
(3) All ideas, cultures, and civilisations are equally valuable or true; and
(4) No idea, culture, and civilisation can be superior or inferior to another.
Section 3. Freedom of expression
All individuals shall have the right to express their opinions and ideas freely. No individual shall be censored or punished for expressing their views or ideas. False or misleading information based on relativism shall be deemed as a perversion of the freedom of expression not an exercise of that freedom.
Section 4. Education and academic research
Education and academic research shall be based on the pursuit of objective truth, and not promote or endorse any form of relativism.
Section 5. Ethical guidelines
Ethical guidelines issued within the Commonwealth of various policy domains, including artificial intelligence, healthcare, legal, public service delivery, research, and scientific practices, shall be based on objective moral principles, not relativistic criteria.
Section 6. Commonwealth delegated legislation
His Majesty’s Government may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 7. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Administrative Procedure Act 2024
행정 절차법
An Act to make provision about the law of administrative procedure and justice, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Legality
Administrative agencies performing public duties, hereinafter referred to as ‘administrative agencies,’ shall operate within the limits of their delegated statutory authority and shall not exceed their statutory powers. Delegated legislation adopted by administrative agencies with the force of law shall be within the scope of the agency's delegated statutory authority and consistent with the enabling legislation. Acts of administrative agencies that are illegal shall be null, void, and deprived of all legal effect.
Section 2. Reasonableness
Acts of administrative agencies shall be based on reasonable grounds and supported by evidence, ensuring that agency actions are not arbitrary or capricious. Administrative agencies shall provide clear and rational explanations for their decisions, including the findings of fact, application of law, and reasoning behind their conclusions.
Section 3. Procedural fairness
Administrative agencies shall provide individuals with notice and an opportunity to be heard before making an impartial and unbiased decision that affects their rights or interests through fair and transparent procedures.
Section 4. Access to administrative justice
Administrative agencies are accountable to the public and shall act in the public interest. They may be subject to oversight by administrative tribunals, reporting requirements, and other forms of public scrutiny.
Section 5. Judicial review of administrative decisions
Individuals affected by administrative decisions shall have the right to seek remedies through administrative appeals, judicial review, or other appropriate channels, ensuring they have access to justice and can challenge unlawful actions. The High Court of the Supreme Court of Justice shall have the first-instance authority to review administrative decisions for errors of law, fact, or procedure, for the correction of legal errors, and to ensure accountability and adherence to legal standards.
Section 6. Commonwealth delegated legislation
His Majesty’s Government may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 7. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Affirmation of Human Biological Gender Identity Act 2024
생물학적 성 정체성을 확인하는 법률
An Act to affirm the sacredness of biological sexuality and its identicality with gender identity, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Affirmation of constitutional principles
Male and female are the only two biological sexes, and as the sacred embodiment of the eum and yang cosmic forces, respectively, are before all human relations, including husband and wife, and parent and child. The Commonwealth shall discharge a constitutional and legal responsibility to defend this inalienable truth through its laws and policies.
Section 2. Identicality of gender to biological sex
Gender is identical to biological sex and cannot be changed nor chosen, and intersexuality is the exception that proves the norm. It shall be a criminal offence, punishable upon indictment with a fine at 1,000 Myeong Won and 2 years of exile for any person to promote or conduct gender reassignment surgery or hormonal treatments as a way to change the perceived gender of a person.
Section 3. Sports competitions and beauty pageants
A person of one biological gender shall not compete in a sports competition or beauty pageant open only to the other biological gender.
Section 4. Dignity of persons experiencing gender dysphoria
The Commonwealth shall uphold the equal worth of all individuals, regardless of biological sex and gender; discourage any form of discrimination or violence against those who are experiencing gender dysphoria; and encourage and assist persons who are experiencing gender dysphoria to live according to their biological sex and gender, and seek psychological and spiritual support to cope with their condition, to live out their intrinsic human dignity.
Section 5. Mental health investment and education programmes
His Majesty’s Government shall regularly invest in mental healthcare and education programmes to promote the physical and spiritual well-being of those who may, or are, experiencing gender dysphoria.
Section 6. Commonwealth delegated legislation
His Majesty’s Government may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 7. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Beginning and End of Life Act 2024
수명 시작 및 종료 법
An Act to protect the dignity of human beings from conception to natural death, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Affirmation of constitutional principles
Through its laws and policies, the Commonwealth shall affirm that every individual has an innate potential to become a sage and that human beings inherently possess sacred and inviolable dignity at all stages of life, regardless of physical and mental condition, from conception until natural death.
Section 2. Abortion, euthanasia, and assisted suicide
The intentional killing of a human being, even if done to relieve suffering, shall never be permissible in the Commonwealth. Abortion, euthanasia, assisted suicide, and any other direct attack on human dignity shall be strictly prohibited and punishable by expulsion from the Commonwealth or exile for life.
Section 3. Proportionate medical treatments
Medical treatments that are ordinary and proportionate to the patient's condition shall be provided to preserve life and alleviate suffering. Medical treatments that are extraordinary or disproportionate to the patient's condition may be declined or withdrawn, but only if they would be excessively burdensome to the patient or the family.
Section 4. Palliative care
In cases where medical treatments are declined or withdrawn, the patient shall receive appropriate palliative care to alleviate pain and suffering.
Section 5. Natural death
The natural death of a human being is a normal and inevitable part of life, and shall be respected as such. The sacredness and inviolability of the human dignity of a patient is never lost during the reception of palliative care.
Section 6. Commonwealth delegated legislation
His Majesty’s Government may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 7. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Civil Procedure Act 2024
민사소송법
An Act to make provision about confederal civil procedure, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. The rule of law in civil justice
The civil justice system of the Commonwealth shall ensure humaneness, justice, harmony, fairness, and the protection of individual rights.
Section 2. Active discouragement of litigation
The Commonwealth judiciary shall actively discourage civil lawsuits. A Commonwealth judge may hear no case until and unless all non-litigation means of dispute resolution have been completely exhausted.
Section 3. Adversarial litigation
Parties to a lawsuit shall present their respective cases to an impartial judge. Each party shall be responsible for gathering evidence, presenting arguments, and advocating for their position.
Section 4. Due process
Confederal civil procedure shall ensure that all parties receive fair notice and an opportunity to be heard. This includes the right to be informed of the claims against them, the right to present evidence, and the right to a fair and impartial trial.
Section 5. Burden and quantum of proof
The burden of proof shall lie with the party making an allegation. The quantum of proof shall be the balance of probabilities.
Section 6. Discovery
Confederal civil procedure shall allow for extensive discovery. This includes the exchange of documents, written interrogatories, depositions, and other methods of obtaining information relevant to the case.
Section 7. Right to appeal
Parties dissatisfied with the outcome of a civil case shall have the right to appeal to a higher court. This allows for a review of legal errors or other issues that may have affected the outcome.
Section 8. Civil remedies
The Commonwealth judiciary shall have the power to award various civil remedies, such as monetary damages, injunctions, specific performance, and declaratory judgments. These remedies shall aim to compensate and restore the injured party to their rightful position.
Section 9. Commonwealth delegated legislation
The Lord Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Justice may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 10. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Constitutional Jurisdiction Act 2024
헌법심사권한법
An Act to make provision about the constitutional jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals of the Supreme Court of Justice, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Constitutional role
The Court of Appeals of the Supreme Court of Justice, hereinafter referred to as ‘the Court of Appeals,’ shall serve as the final appellate court for constitutional and administrative cases.
Section 2. Constitutional review
The Court of Appeals shall be vested with the power to review the constitutionality of amendments to the Constitution of the Commonwealth and the constitutions, laws, policies, and decisions of public bodies at the level of the Commonwealth and confederal subjects to ensure their compliance with the Constitution of the Commonwealth.
Section 3. Dissolution of organisations seeking to overthrow the Constitution
The Court shall have the power to dissolve any organisation seeking to overthrow the Constitution of the Commonwealth.
Section 4. Effect of decisions
Decisions of the Court shall be binding on other judicial institutions and have the force of law across the Commonwealth. Once the Court declares a law or decision as unconstitutional, it shall be deemed by all as null and void to the extent of its inconsistency with the Constitution of the Commonwealth from the moment that that inconsistency arose.
Section 5. Access to justice
The Court shall provide equal access to justice, allowing individuals and entities to bring constitutional challenges before the court to protect their constitutional rights and liberties.
Section 6. Relationship with lower courts
The Court may overturn lower court decisions if they are inconsistent with the Constitution of the Commonwealth.
Section 7. Advisory opinions
The Prime Minister may petition to the Constitutional Court to issue a binding Advisory Opinion on the true meaning of any provision of the Constitution of the Commonwealth.
Contracts Act 2024
계약에 관한 법률
An Act to make provision about the law of contracts, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Offer and acceptance
One party shall make an offer, and the other party shall accept that offer to form a contract.
Section 2. Consideration
In order for the contract to be valid, both parties shall exchange something of value, such as money or services.
Section 3. Intention to create legal relations
Both parties shall intend for the contract to be legally binding.
Section 4. Capacity
Both parties shall have the legal capacity to enter into the contract, meaning they shall be of legal age and sound mind.
Section 5. Legality
The subject matter of the contract shall be legal and not against public policy.
Section 6. Privity of contract
Only the parties to the contract shall have rights and obligations under it.
Section 7. Performance
Both parties shall perform their obligations under the contract.
Section 8. Breach of contract
If one party fails to perform their obligations under the contract, the other party may be entitled to damages or other remedies.
Section 9. Misrepresentation
If one party makes a false statement that induces the other party to enter the contract, the contract may be voidable.
Section 10. Duress and undue influence
If one party is forced or coerced into entering into the contract, the contract may be voidable.
Section 11. Commonwealth delegated legislation
His Majesty’s Government may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 12. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Crimes Act 2024
형법
An Act to make provision about criminal law, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Fundamental principles of criminal law
No person shall be convicted of a criminal offence unless the conduct he committed is prohibited by law. A criminal offence shall be constituted by the simultaneous existence of actus reus and mens rea. The actus reus of a criminal offence shall be defined as a voluntary, physical act or omission. Mens rea shall be defined as the mental state or intention of the accused when committing the actus reus, and includes intent, knowledge, recklessness, or negligence. Defences that wholly or partly justify the lawfulness of the actus reus in question available for the accused shall consist of necessity, self-defence, prevention of crime, and duress.
Section 2. Crimes against the person
(1) Homicide shall be defined as a criminal offence involved in the unlawful killing of another person, which can be classified as murder, manslaughter, or any acts of intentional killing under Section 2 of the Beginning and End of Life Act 2024. A mandatory sentence of permanent expulsion from the Commonwealth and character execution shall be imposed on any person convicted of murder.
(2) The intentional, unlawful, physical contact or threat of bodily harm to another person shall be a criminal offence.
(3) Non-consensual sexual intercourse, including vaginal, anal, or oral penetration; sexual intercourse with a person below the age of 18; sexual intercourse between siblings, parents, and children; prostitution and the production or distribution of pornographic materials; and the use of blackmail or threats to obtain sexual activity shall be criminal offences.
Section 3. Theft and property crimes
The unlawful taking or possession of another person's property, including burglary, robbery, theft, and embezzlement, shall be a criminal offence.
Section 4. Fraud and white-collar crimes
Intentional deception or misrepresentation for personal gain, typically involving financial transactions, shall be a criminal offence. Non-violent unlawful acts committed by individuals or bodies corporate in professional or business settings, such as fraud, insider trading, or money laundering, shall also be criminal offences.
Section 5. Drug offences
The illegal possession, sale, or distribution of controlled substances shall be a criminal offence.
Section 6. Sentencing
Determining an appropriate punishment for a convicted offender shall consider factors such as the seriousness of the crime and mitigating or aggravating circumstances. The Court of Appeals of the Supreme Court of Justice shall make Commonwealth delegated legislation containing appropriate sentencing guidelines.
Section 7. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Criminal Procedure Act 2024
형사소송법
An Act to make provision about confederal criminal procedure, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. The rule of law in criminal justice
The civil justice system of the Commonwealth shall protect the rights of the accused, ensure a fair and impartial trial, and prevent the abuse of power in the criminal justice system.
Section 2. Presumption of innocence
The accused shall be presumed innocent until proven guilty, and the prosecution has the burden of proof. The prosecution shall present sufficient evidence to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Section 3. Due process
Confederal criminal procedure shall ensure that the accused receives fair treatment, notice of charges, and an opportunity to be heard. This includes the right to legal representation, the right to remain silent, and the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses.
Section 4. Right to a speedy and public trial
The accused shall have the right to a speedy and public trial by a judge or judges, or by judge and jury, depending on the seriousness of the case at bar.
Section 5. Exclusionary rule
The exclusionary rule shall forbid the use of evidence obtained illegally or in violation of the constitutional rights of the accused.
Section 6. Double jeopardy
The principle of double jeopardy shall prevent an individual from being tried twice for the same offence. Once an accused has been acquitted or convicted, he cannot be retried for the same crime.
Section 7. Right to confront witnesses
The accused shall have the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses brought against him.
Section 8. Right to appeal
The accused shall have the right to appeal a conviction or sentence to a higher court. This allows for a review of legal errors or other issues that may have affected the outcome of the trial.
Section 9. Commonwealth delegated legislation
The Supreme Court of Justice may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 10. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Deputy Judges Act 2024
부판사법
An Act to authorise court leaders to appoint deputy judges for their respective courts, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Appointment of deputy judges
The Lord Chancellor or the Lord Chief Justice may appoint a person, who is eligible to be appointed to be a judge of the Court of Appeals of the Supreme Court of Justice and the High Court of the Supreme Court of Justice, respectively, to be a deputy judge of the Court of Appeals of the Supreme Court of Justice, and the High Court of the Supreme Court of Justice, respectively (‘the Court’), if:—
(1) the office of any judge of the Court becomes vacant for any reason; or
(2) he considers that the interests of the administration of justice require that a deputy judge sought to be appointed temporarily.
Section 2. Titles of deputy judges
(1) The title of a deputy judge of the Court of Appeals of the Supreme Court of Justice shall be ‘Deputy Lord Justice of Appeal.’
(2) The title of a deputy judge of the High Court of the Supreme Court of Justice shall be ‘Deputy High Court Judge.’
Section 3. Powers and privileges of deputy judges
Subject to the terms of his appointment, a deputy judge shall have and may exercise all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges and shall have and perform all the duties of a judge of his court independently and impartially, and any reference in any law to such a judge shall be construed accordingly.
Section 4. Terms of appointment
(1) A Spiritual Citizen of the Commonwealth, in addition to other Citizens of the Commonwealth, shall be eligible for appointment to become a deputy judge of the Commonwealth in accordance with Section 1 of this Act.
(2) A deputy judge may be appointed:—
(a) for a specified case or class of cases only; or
(b) for a specified period only.
(3) His appointer may terminate the appointment of a deputy judge at any time.
Emergency Powers Act 2024
긴급 권한 법
An Act to make provision about the law of emergencies, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Declaration of a state of emergency
His Majesty’s Government shall formally declare a state of emergency, granting it emergency powers and additional authority to respond to the crisis. An emergency shall refer to an unforeseen event or situation that poses an immediate threat to public health, safety, or morals and requires immediate action to prevent or mitigate harm or loss. His Majesty’s Government shall withdraw the declaration of the state of emergency should the emergency no longer exist.
Section 2. Emergency powers
During a state of emergency, His Majesty’s Government may be granted emergency powers that are not typically available during normal circumstances, such as the ability to impose curfews, restrict movement, and enforce quarantine measures.
Section 3. Human rights considerations
Emergency powers shall be exercised in a manner that respects and protects fundamental human rights to the greatest extent possible.
Section 4. Legislative oversight
The state of emergency shall be reviewed by the House of Peoples every fourteen days. Should the House of Peoples believe that the emergency no longer exists, it shall be vested with jurisdiction to terminate the emergency by a simple majority vote.
Section 5. Judicial oversight
The exercise of emergency powers shall be proportionate to the severity of the emergency and necessary to address the specific threat or danger. Subject to an appeal to the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court of Justice shall declare a disproportionate, unlawful, or unconstitutional exercise of emergency powers null and void.
Section 6. Commonwealth delegated legislation
His Majesty’s Government may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 7. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Effortless Governance Act 2024
무위이치법
An Act to safeguard and promote effortless governance in the tradition of the ancient Sage Emperors Yo and Sun, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Small government
Public authorities of the Commonwealth and confederal subjects shall play a limited role in the economy and society. Insofar as it is practicable, power and authority shall be decentralised to families and local communities.
Section 2. Balanced budget
The Commonwealth and confederal subjects shall maintain a balanced budget and avoid excessive spending.
Section 3. Light regulation
Public authorities of the Commonwealth and confederal subjects shall regulate industries and businesses only to the extent necessary to protect the Constitution and laws of the Commonwealth.
Section 4: Commonwealth delegated legislation
Commonwealth delegated legislation shall promote competition and not hinder innovation; be cost-effective and based on sound science; be transparent and understandable to the public; and be periodically reviewed by the Commonwealth Assembly to ensure their continued relevance and effectiveness.
Establishment of Duchies Act 2024
공국 설립에 관한 법률
An Act to make provision about establishing autonomous duchies of the Commonwealth, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Definition
A ‘Duchy’ shall refer to any community with a Duke its Head as designated by the Emperor-in-Council under this Act to enjoy a high degree of autonomy over matters not reserved to confederal public authorities by the Constitution of the Commonwealth, Acts of the Commonwealth Assembly, and Intermicronational Treaties ratified by the Emperor-in-Commonwealth Assembly. A Duchy whose Head holds the title of ‘Archduke’ shall be known as an ‘Archduchy.’
Section 2. Establishment of Duchies
With the advice and consent of the Prime Minister, the Emperor-in-Council may, by Charter, establish or dissolve a Duchy. The polity of Duchies shall be similar to that of the states of the Commonwealth. The Duke, who may serve for life, shall appoint a Premier who commands the majority in a popularly elected Legislative Council to be the chief administrator of his Duchy for renewable five-year terms.
Section 3. Powers and Privileges of Duchies
(1) Duchies shall have the power to make ordinances, levy taxes, and regulate their internal affairs.
(2) Ordinances made by Duchies shall take precedence over Commonwealth delegated legislation should they enter into an irreconcilable conflict.
(3) With the advice and consent of the Prime Minister, the Emperor-in-Council may veto any ordinance made by a Duchy, but only under the most exceptional circumstances.
(4) The Duchies shall have the power to establish their courts to administer justice. Duchy Courts shall be regarded as confederal trial courts. Cases from Duchy Courts may be appealed to the Court of Appeals of the Supreme Court of Justice, depending on their nature and merit.
Section 4. Relationship with His Majesty’s Government
(1) Duchies shall be subject to the authority of His Majesty’s Government in all matters concerning national security, defence, foreign affairs, emergencies, and other matters as determined by Acts of the Commonwealth Assembly.
(2) Duchies shall maintain independent finances and not be required to pay taxes to His Majesty’s Government.
(3) No department of His Majesty’s Government may interfere in the affairs which Duchies administer on their own in accordance with their Charters and this Act.
Section 5. Relationship with States
(1) Duchies are not subject to the constitution and laws of a State.
(2) No State may interfere in the affairs which Duchies administer on their own in accordance with their Charters and this Act.
(3) A Duchy may, by free agreement, be in association with up to one State of the Commonwealth as an Associated Duchy. Such association shall not imply that the State may exercise jurisdiction over the Duchy contrary to Section 5(2) of this Act.
Evidence Act 2024
증거법
An Act to make provision about the law of evidence, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Relevance
Evidence shall be relevant to the issues in dispute to be admissible. It shall have some logical and probative value about the facts of the case.
Section 2. Admissibility
Evidence shall be legally admissible to be considered by the court. It shall not be subject to any exclusionary rules, such as hearsay, privilege, or unlawfully obtained evidence.
Section 3. Burden and quantum of proof
The burden of proof shall lie with the party making a claim or alleging a fact in a civil case, and with the prosecution in a criminal case. The quantum of proof shall be the balance of probabilities in civil cases and proof beyond a reasonable doubt in criminal cases.
Section 4. Hearsay rule
Generally, hearsay evidence or statements made outside of court shall not be admissible. Hearsay is considered less reliable because the original speaker cannot be cross-examined.
Section 5. Witness testimony
Witnesses shall provide truthful and accurate information to the best of their knowledge. They shall be subject to examination and cross-examination to test their credibility and the reliability of their testimony.
Section 6. Expert opinion
Expert witnesses may provide opinion evidence on matters within their field of expertise. Their opinions shall be relevant, reliable, and helpful to the court in understanding complex issues.
Section 7. Privilege
Certain communications, such as those between lawyers and clients or spouses, may be protected by privilege and cannot be disclosed as evidence without the consent of the privilege holder.
Section 8. Best evidence rule
The best evidence rule shall require that the original or best available evidence be presented in court. Copies or secondary evidence may be admissible if the original is unavailable or if certain exceptions apply.
Section 9. Commonwealth delegated legislation
The Supreme Court of Justice may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 10. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Equity Act 2024
의리법
An Act to make provision about the rules of equity, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. The maxims of equity
The exercise of equitable jurisdiction by the Court of Chancery of the High Court of the Supreme Court of Justice, hereinafter referred to as ‘the Court,’ in the name of the Lord Chancellor as the Keeper of The Emperor’s Conscience shall be guided by equitable maxims deduced by the Court from the universal principles of humaneness, justice, propriety, wisdom, and trustworthiness.
Section 2. Trusts
A trust is a legal relationship in which one person, the trustee, legally holds and manages property for the equitable benefit of another person, the beneficiary. The Court has jurisdiction to develop rules regarding wills, trusts, and intestate succession, whether equity underlies the cause of action or not.
Section 3. Constructive trusts
The Court may declare constructive trusts as it deems fit to prevent unjust enrichment, remedy a breach of trust or fiduciary duty, or to reflect the common intention of the parties.
Section 4. Fiduciary duties
A fiduciary duty shall be defined as the duty of loyalty, not to put himself into a position of conflict, not to make secret profits, not to exercise power for improper purpose and good faith that certain individuals, such as trustees, directors, and agents, owe to those they represent or serve.
Section 5. Equitable defences
Defences available in equity shall be compatible with maxims of equity.
Section 6. Equitable remedies
The various remedies available in equity shall include but not limited to injunctions, specific performance, and restitution. The section does not prejudice the Court’s jurisdiction to award common law remedies.
Section 7. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Confederation Act 2024
연합주의 법
An Act to make provision about the principles of confederalism of the Commonwealth, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Article 1. Residual sovereignty
The confederal subjects of the Commonwealth, namely, Provinces, Protectorates, and Associated States, shall retain their sovereignty and self-government to the extent permitted by the Constitution and laws of the Commonwealth.
Article 2. Pooled sovereignty
Confederal subjects shall pool their sovereignty into Commonwealth authorities for the purpose of ensuring the collective security, common foreign policy, and unified market of the Commonwealth. The Emperor of the Commonwealth shall be acknowledged as the individual Sovereign of each Province and Suzerain of each Protectorate and Associated State, and collectively as the embodiment of unity among all confederal subjects, bearing the title of 'Suzerain of All-Under-Heaven.'
Article 3. Comity
The public authorities of confederal subjects and the Commonwealth shall act according to the spirit of comity. They shall collaborate on issues of common concern, while respecting the spheres of jurisdiction of each other.
Article 4. Equal representation
Each confederal subject shall be represented by an equal number of Confederal Councillors in the Confederal Council of the Commonwealth Assembly.
Section 5. Diversity and subsidiarity
Commonwealth authorities shall protect diversity amongst confederal subjects, and respect the authority of confederal subjects to retain and develop their laws, policies, and cultural identities.
Article 6. Eradication of trade barriers
There shall be an unrestricted movement of goods, services, capital, and labour among confederal subjects through the removal of trade barriers, regulatory impediments, and constraints on capital circulation. The Commonwealth shall maintain a unified stance in international trade negotiations.
Article 7. Dispute resolution
Disputes between confederal subjects and between confederal subjects and Commonwealth authorities shall be resolved peacefully through negotiation, mediation, or litigation in the Supreme Court of Justice of the Commonwealth.
Section 8. Commonwealth delegated legislation
His Majesty’s Government may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 9. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Hierarchy of Laws Act 2024
법적 수준 법률
An Act to make provision about the hierarchy of laws within the Myeong Commonwealth, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. The hierarchy of laws
The hierarchy of laws of the Myeong Commonwealth shall be as follows, in descending order:—
(1) Constitution of the Commonwealth
(2) Act of the Commonwealth Assembly
(3) Treaty Ratified by the Commonwealth Assembly
(4) Charter
(5) Edict-in-Council
(6) Letters Patent
(7) Case Law of the Supreme Court of Justice
(8) Commonwealth delegated legislation
Section 2. Conflict within the hierarchy of laws
Any law inconsistent with a law of higher status within the hierarchy of laws shall be deemed null and void to the extent of that inconsistency.
Section 3. Specificity and speciality
When two or more laws or legal provisions at the same level within the hierarchy of laws are inconsistent, a specific law or legal provision shall prevail over a general law or legal provision to the extent of that inconsistency.
Section 4. Chronological precedence
When two inconsistent laws exist at the same level within the hierarchy of laws, the law that was enacted later in time shall take precedence to the extent of that inconsistency.
Section 5. Respect for the constitutions and legal systems of confederal subjects
Commonwealth laws listed in Section 1 shall be made, enforced, and interpreted in tandem with the constitutions of confederal subjects, with a general intention to converge, complement, and function coherently with the legal systems of states, with the laws of confederal subjects operating ordinarily unless they were expressly or by necessity displaced by inconsistent provisions of the above-mentioned Commonwealth laws.
Law of Judicial Precedents Act 2024
판례 법률
An Act to make provision about the law of judicial precedents, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Stare decisis
Stare decisis is a legal principle that means ‘to stand by decided cases’, whose main purpose is to guarantee that like cases are treated alike in accordance with the legal principle of equality before the law.
Section 2. Stare decisis within the judicial hierarchy
(1) Under stare decisis, lower courts shall be bound to follow the decisions of higher courts in similar cases. This shall ensure consistency and predictability in the law.
(2) The constitutional and administrative law decisions of the Court of Appeals of the Supreme Court of Justice shall bind the constituent courts of the High Court of the Supreme Court of Justice, whenever the material facts of cases at bar are substantially similar.
Section 3. Distinguishing and overruling precedents
The Supreme Court of Justice and its constituent courts shall, wherever appropriate, be able to distinguish or overrule previous decisions if they consider it necessary in the interests of justice.
Section 4. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates but does not contradict the above provisions.
Legal Profession Act 2024
변호사 법률
An Act to make provision about the law governing the legal profession, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Advocates Regulation Authority
The Advocates Regulation Authority is the regulatory body overseeing Advocates of the Commonwealth. It shall establish education, training, and professional conduct standards, and handle complaints and disciplinary matters.
Section 2. Legal Services Authority
The Legal Services Authority shall be an independent body responsible for overseeing the regulation of legal services in the Commonwealth and ensuring that regulatory bodies operate effectively and in the best interests of consumers.
Section 3. Professional conduct
The legal profession shall be subject to strict rules of professional conduct and ethics. Advocates shall have a duty to act in the best interests of their clients, maintain confidentiality, avoid conflicts of interest, and uphold the reputation and integrity of the profession.
Section 4. Qualification and education
To practice law in the Commonwealth, individuals shall meet specific educational and qualification requirements. Advocates shall complete a qualifying law degree, the Legal Professional Training Course, and a half-year pupillage.
Section 5. Inner bar
An advocate of the Commonwealth with at least two years of standing and who has made a substantial contribution to the rule of law of the Commonwealth may apply to the Lord Chancellor for nomination to the Monarch for appointment by Imperial Letters Patent as ‘Emperor’s Counsel,’ and called to the Inner Bar of the Commonwealth.
Section 6. Complaints and disciplinary proceedings
Regulatory bodies shall be able to handle complaints against legal professionals and initiate disciplinary proceedings if necessary. Disciplinary proceedings shall adhere to the principles of due process. Clients, other legal professionals, or members of the public may make complaints.
Section 7. Commonwealth delegated legislation
The Supreme Court of Justice may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 8. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Lords Spiritual Act 2024
성직자 상원의원 법
An Act to make provision about the enabling of Lords Spiritual to participate in meetings of the House of Peoples and Confederal Council of the Commonwealth Assembly, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Lords Spiritual
The Supreme Patriarch and Lord Patriarch of the Supreme Council of the Doctrine of the Sages shall be ex officio Lords Spiritual of the Commonwealth Assembly.
Section 2. Responsibilities
Lords Spiritual shall be responsible for advising Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples on the compatibility of proposals of laws and policies with the sagely doctrines of Confucianism as enshrined in the Constitution of the Commonwealth.
Section 3. Rights and privileges
Lords Spiritual may attend and speak at any meeting of the Confederal Council and House of Peoples, any joint meeting of both chambers and any meeting of a committee of either chamber of the Commonwealth Assembly. Lords Spiritual shall enjoy all rights and privileges enjoyed by Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples except the right to vote or to stand for election to any position within the Commonwealth Assembly.
Section 4. Obligations
Lords Spiritual shall abide by the Rules of Procedure of the Confederal Council and House of Peoples of the Commonwealth Assembly.
Marriage Act 2024
결혼법
An Act to make provision about the law of family, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Marriage and divorce
As the I Ching (역경; Yeokgyeong) teaches, the marital union between a biological male and a biological woman shall be ever-lasting, and therefore shall be permanent. Only one biological male and one biological woman shall be able to form a marital union. The marital union shall be dissolved only by the death of a spouse. Divorce shall not be lawful. Any claim to divorce by a couple whose marital union is registered with His Majesty’s Government shall not be recognised by law, and be considered null and void.
Section 2. Validity and annulment
(1) A marriage shall be valid and binding only if the marriage;
(2) is celebrated by a celebrant recognised by the Commonwealth in the presence of 2 or more witnesses;
(3) does not violate Section 1 of the Act; and
(4) is absent of any of the following impediments:
(a) Lack of capacity to consent to marriage due to mental incapacity or immaturity.
(b) Kinship or affinity within the fourth degree of consanguinity and any degree of affinity.
(c) Prior bond or marriage, such as when one or both parties were already validly married to someone else at the time of the marriage in question.
(5) The Court of Propriety Law of the High Court of the Supreme Court of Justice shall hear petitions for the annulment of apparent marital unions on grounds including:
(a) Error concerning the person to be married, such as mistaken identity or false belief about some essential quality of the person.
(b) Error concerning the nature of marriage, such as believing marriage is a temporary arrangement rather than a lifelong commitment.
(c) Fraud or deceit, such as the deliberate concealment of a serious defect or the intention to deceive the other spouse regarding some important aspect of the marriage.
(d) Force or grave fear, such as when one spouse is coerced into marriage.
(e) Non-consummation or impotence, either physical or psychological, that is permanent and incurable.
(f) An annulled marital union shall be deemed as never having existed. Children begotten by an annulled marital union shall not be considered as illegitimate.
In the aftermath of a successful annulment, the Court of Propriety Law shall have jurisdiction over the equitable division of property and financial matters between spouses, and protect the rights and responsibilities of parents towards their children, against the prospects of abuse, neglect, and custody disputes.
Section 3: Physical separation
The Court shall have jurisdiction to order the physical separation of spouses in cases of domestic violence.
Prohibition of W.O.K.E. Act 2024
각성 문화 금지법
An Act to make provision about prohibiting educational and employment policies and practices that Wrong Our Kids and Employees, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Scope of prohibited policies and practices
Educational and employment policies and practices in both public and private sectors at both confederal and state levels that are based on one or more of the following propositions shall be null, void, and deprived of all legal effect:-
(1) A person’s moral character or status as oppressed is determined by race, colour, national origin, sex-gender, or sexual-gender self-identification.
(2) Members of one race, colour, national origin, or sex-gender cannot and should not attempt to treat others without respect to race, colour, national origin, or sex-gender self-identification.
(3) A person, by virtue of his or her race, colour, sex-gender, or national origin, bears personal responsibility for and must feel guilt, anguish or other forms of psychological distress because of actions, in which the person played no part, committed in the past by other members of the same race, colour, national origin, or sex-gender.
(4) A person, by race, colour, national origin, or sex-gender, should be discriminated against or receive beneficial treatment in the name of achieving ‘diversity,’ ‘equity,’ or ‘inclusion,’ contrary to the Meritocracy, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Act 2024.
(5) Such virtues as merit, excellence, hard work, fairness, neutrality, objectivity, and racial colour-blindness are racist or sexist or were created by members of a particular race, colour, national origin, or sex-gender to oppress members of another race, colour, national origin, or sex-gender.
(6) The adoption or use of elements of one culture, such as clothing, music, art, language, religious symbols, and so on, by members of another culture is inherently disrespectful and harmful to the original culture.
Section 2. Punishment
Individuals or corporate bodies that devise educational and employment policies and practices prohibited by Section 1 of this Act shall be liable, upon conviction, to a fine of up to 700 Myeong Won and exile for up to 5 years.
Section 3. Commonwealth delegated legislation
His Majesty’s Government may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 4. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Nationality Act 2024
국적법
An Act to make provision about the law of micronationality, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Birth and adoption
A person shall automatically be a Myeong citizen if at least one of his parents is a Myeong citizen at the time of his birth. A child legally adopted by a Myeong citizen automatically acquires Myeong citizenship upon registration with His Majesty’s Government.
Section 2. Registration
A person not automatically entitled to Myeong citizenship shall be eligible to apply for Myeong citizenship based on him having a parent who became a Myeong citizen after his birth.
Section 3. Naturalisation
A foreign macronational and/or micronational may apply for Myeong citizenship through naturalisation, which shall begin upon a successful application for an honorary Myeong spiritual citizenship before an appropriate assessment procedure conducted by His Majesty’s Government. Any person from a foreign state judged currently safe by His Majesty’s Government in political and ideological terms shall be barred from applying for asylum or citizenship.
Section 4. Marriage
A lawfully married spouse of a Myeong citizen within a heterosexual and monogamous union may apply for Myeong citizenship after meeting specific requirements including but not limited to having sufficient knowledge of the culture and traditions of the Commonwealth, as prescribed by His Majesty’s Government from time to time.
Section 5. Dual nationality and micronationality
Myeong citizenship shall not be lost upon the acquisition of another macronationality or micronationlity, subject to the decision of His Majesty’s Government.
Section 6. Renunciation
A Myeong citizen shall have the right to renounce his citizenship voluntarily.
Section 7. Loss
His Majesty’s Government shall rescind citizenship upon the conviction of the citizen of an offence punishable by permanent expulsion from the Commonwealth by the Supreme Court of Justice in a final, non-appealable, decision.
Section 8. Commonwealth delegated legislation
His Majesty’s Government may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Prohibition of Corruption Act 2024
부패 방지법
An Act to make provision about the law against corruption, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Prohibition of bribery
The right to clean government shall be a fundamental human right to be safeguarded by the Commonwealth. The law, primarily enforced by the Commission of Vigilance, shall strictly prohibit the offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of bribes or any form of improper influence.
Section 2. Transparency and accountability
In its law enforcement activities, the Commission of Vigilance shall emphasise the importance of transparency and accountability in public and private sector activities. It shall require disclosure of financial interests, conflicts of interest, and the use of public resources, ensuring that officials and individuals act in the best interests of the public.
Section 3. Duty of public officials
There shall be a duty for public officials to act with integrity and to serve the public interest. Public officials shall be forbidden from using their positions for personal gain, favouritism, or the abuse of power.
Section 4. Enforcement and penalties
There shall be robust penalties for those found guilty of corruption by the confederal courts. These may include fines up to 500 Myeong Won, disqualification from public office, and expulsion from the Commonwealth.
Section 5. Whistleblower protection
Individuals who report corruption shall be protected by law and the Commission of Vigilance against retaliation and ensure their anonymity where necessary.
Section 6. Intermicronational cooperation
The Myeong Commonwealth may engage in intermicronational cooperation to combat corruption, which may include mutual legal assistance and the sharing of information and best practices between micronations.
Section 7. Corporate liability
Corporations shall be held accountable for corruption committed by their employees or agents.
Section 8. Preventive measures
The Commission of Vigilance shall implement preventive measures, such as codes of conduct, ethics training, and internal control systems, to minimise the risk of corruption within organizations.
Section 9. Commonwealth delegated legislation
The Commission of Vigilance may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 10. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Court of Propriety Law Act 2024
예법재판소 유기법
An Act to make provision about the Court of Propriety Law, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Name, purpose and organisation
A Court of Propriety Law, hereinafter referred to as ‘the Court,’ shall be established as a division within the High Court of the Supreme Court of Justice. It shall be vested with powers to resolve disputes relating to the Ritual Canon of the Myeong Commonwealth, hereinafter referred to as the Myeong Canon; marriage annulments; clerical discipline of the Supreme Council for the Doctrine of the Sages; and other disciplinary actions, in accordance with the sagely doctrines of Confucianism. The Lord Chancellor shall be the ex officio President of the Court, consisting of Adjudicators knowledgeable in Confucian propriety law principles and nominated by an independent recommendation body chaired by the Supreme Patriarch for appointment by The Emperor.
Section 2. Active discouragement of litigation
The Court shall actively discourage litigation being brought before it. The Court may hear no case until and unless all non-litigation means of dispute resolution have been completely exhausted.
Section 3. Civil nature of proceedings
The proceedings of the Court shall be civil, not criminal. The Court shall have jurisdiction to impose civil sanctions or penalties, and recommendations, in the course of administering propriety law.
Section 4. Jurisdiction
The powers of the Court shall be those set out in this Act and in other Acts of the Commonwealth Assembly. The Court shall have jurisdiction to make determinations and grant appropriate reliefs on the following matters.
(1) Proof of marriage, marriage permit, marriage confirmation, and wedding gift
(2) Proof for annulment of marriage are matters pertaining to divorce
(3) Financial relations of marital union between spouses
(4) Alimony for wife, son, father, and grandfather
(5) Guardianship and legal competency
(6) Child support, visitation, and hospitality procedures
(7) Genealogy of minors and paternity
(8) Management of assets of missing and incompetent persons
(9) Obedience to the Ritual Canon in its prescribed ceremonies
(10) The prevention and suppression of domestic violence
Section 5. Recommendations
The Court shall have jurisdiction to publish advisory recommendations in relation to the better implementation of the Myeong Canon.
Section 6. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Public Holidays Act 2024
공휴일법
An Act to make provision about the law of public holidays, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Definition of public holidays
Public holidays shall be days when educational institutions and private businesses are entitled to be closed.
Section 2. Purpose of public holidays
The purpose of a public holiday shall be to commemorate a person or event that is of great public importance to the Commonwealth, and to provide employees with a reasonable amount of time off to rest and spend time with family and friends.
Section 3. Payment on public holidays
Employees shall be entitled to paid time off on public holidays, or an additional day off if they have to work. Employers shall not be required to pay extra for working on a public holiday.
Section 4. List of public holidays
Schedule 1 of this Act shall prescribe the list of public holidays. Schedule 1 shall be amendable by His Majesty’s Government from time to time without needing further authorisation from the Commonwealth Assembly.
Schedule 1. List of public holidays of the Myeong Commonwealth
New Year's Day (신정): 1 January
Myeong Day (국경일): 23 January
Lunar New Year (설날): 1st day of 1st lunar month
Good Friday (성금요일): varies every year in accordance with the practice of the Catholic Church
Constitution Day (제헌절): 17 August
Chuseok (추석): 15th day of 8th lunar month
Feast of the Chair of Sage Paul (성현 보록 성좌 축제): 8 September
Birthday of Sage Confucius (공자탄): 28 September
Daehan Empire Commemoration Day (대한제국 국경일): 13 October
Christmas Day (성탄절): 25 December
Security Forces Act 2024
보안 부서 팀법
An Act to make provision for a security force to protect the conscience of our citizens, maintain public order, and respond to emergencies, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Establishment and purpose
The Myeong Security Forces, hereinafter referred to as ‘the Forces,’ shall be established in accordance with the Constitution of the Commonwealth with the Emperor as Honorary Marshal. The purpose of the Forces shall be to ensure the intellectual security of all citizens, to maintain public order, and to respond to emergencies.
Section 2. Composition and recruitment
The Forces shall consist of men and women who are citizens of the Commonwealth. The recruitment of the members of the Forces shall be based on merit, competence, and character.
Section 3. Organisation and leadership
The Forces shall be organised into units and headed by the Prime Minister as Commander-in-Chief.
Section 4: Functions and powers
(1) Maintain law and order of the Commonwealth;
(2) Protect the intellectual freedom of citizens;
(3) Respond to emergencies and natural disasters; and
(4) Maintain peace and security through online defence operations that are pre-emptive or responsive.
Section 4. Accountability and oversight
The Forces shall be accountable to the Jinguk Security Council of His Majesty’s Government, of which the Prime Minister is Chair, and shall operate under its direction and control. The Forces shall operate under the Constitution and laws of the Commonwealth. The Forces shall be subject to oversight by the Commission of Vigilance.
Article 5: Human Rights and International Law
The Forces shall respect and protect human rights and shall operate in accordance with the principles of international law. The Forces shall not engage in any activity that violates the dignity, life, or liberty of any civilian.
Section 6. Commonwealth delegated legislation
The Jinguk Security Council may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 7. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Statutory Interpretation Act 2024
법령 해석에 관한 법률
An Act to make provision about the law governing statutory interpretation, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Method of interpretation
Statutory interpretation shall seek to determine the objective meaning of a legislation based on its original public meaning at the time of enactment or adoption, and it is an exercise of sound reason and common sense. It shall depend exclusively on the text of the statute, its structure, purpose, and historical context. The use of legislative history and social and moral ideas incompatible with the Constitution shall be prohibited while interpreting legislation.
Section 2. Interpretive presumptions
The original public meaning of statutory language shall be presumed, unless equivocally rebutted by itself, to be in harmony with the Constitution of the Commonwealth, and the Confucian principles of humaneness, justice, propriety, wisdom, and trustworthiness.
Section 3. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Supreme Court of Justice Act 2024
평리대법원 유기법
An Act to make provision about the purpose and structure of the Supreme Court of Justice, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Judicial independence
The Supreme Court of Justice, consisting of the Court of Appeals and High Court, shall be established in accordance with the Constitution of the Commonwealth and operate independently and impartially. The Lord Chancellor shall be the President of the Court of Appeals and the Lord Chief Justice shall be the President of the High Court.
Section 2. Hierarchical structure
The Commonwealth judiciary shall include, in descending order, the Constitutional Court, the Court of Appeals of the Supreme Court of Justice, the High Court of the Supreme Court of Justice, and various other Commonwealth courts and tribunals as established by law.
Section 3. Adversarial litigation
The Supreme Court of Justice shall maintain an adversarial litigation system, under which opposing parties present their cases before an impartial judge or judges, who decide the outcome based on the law and evidence presented.
Section 4. Case law
The Supreme Court of Justice shall interpret and apply laws based on previous legal precedents and principles established by higher courts wherever appropriate.
Section 5. Constitutional interpretation
The Supreme Court of Justice shall interpret and apply the Constitution of the Commonwealth. It shall decline to give effect to laws incompatible with the Constitution.
Section 6. Statutory interpretation
The Supreme Court of Justice shall interpret and apply legislation enacted by the Commonwealth Assembly. They shall determine the meaning and scope of laws to resolve disputes and ensure their consistent application.
Section 7. Access to justice
The Supreme Court of Justice shall aim to provide equal and fair access to justice for all individuals and entities. It shall ensure that all parties have the right to present their case and be heard before an impartial court.
Section 8. Appellate system
The Supreme Court of Justice shall have an appellate system, under which parties dissatisfied with the decisions of lower courts may appeal to higher courts for reconsideration.
The Right to a Secure Nation Act 2024
안전한 국가에 대한 권리 법
An Act to make provision about the right to live in a secure Commonwealth, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. The right to a secure Commonwealth
The Commonwealth shall safeguard the fundamental right of every citizen to live in a secure nation against external and internal threats to constitutionally established institutions of the Commonwealth. Schools and universities shall disseminate knowledge about the importance of the right to a secure Commonwealth to their students.
Section 2. Prevention and suppression of terrorism and extremism
‘Terrorism’ shall be defined as the intentional use of violence or threat of violence to intimidate or coerce the Myeong people or constitutional institutions for ideological purposes. ‘Extremism’ shall be defined as the promotion of extreme ideological views to members of the general public through violent or non-violent means. Acts of terrorism and extremism shall be criminal offences, punishable by a fine up to 1,000 Myeong Won, exile up to 20 years, and permanent expulsion from the Commonwealth.
Section 3. Countering espionage and foreign interference
The constitutionally established institutions of the Commonwealth shall annihilate threats posed by espionage, cyber-attacks, and other forms of foreign interference that seek the downfall of the Commonwealth. Facilitating foreign interference shall be a criminal offence, punishable by a fine up to 700 Myeong Won, exile up to 10 years, and non-permanent expulsion from the Commonwealth.
Section 4. Secrets of the Commonwealth
Constitutional institutions shall develop measures to protect classified information and sensitive data from unauthorised disclosure, ensuring the safety of Commonwealth secrets. The unauthorised disclosure of Commonwealth secrets shall be a criminal offence, punishable by a fine up to 500 Myeong Won, exile up to 5 years, and non-permanent expulsion from the Commonwealth.
Section 5. Protection of constitutional rights
Measures adopted to protect the right to a secure Commonwealth shall be proportionate and compatible with the guarantee of other fundamental rights and freedoms enshrined in the Constitution of the Commonwealth.
Section 6. The Jinguk Security Council
The Jinguk Security Council shall coordinate defence, intelligence, and security operations during proceedings that are not disclosed. Lawful decisions adopted by the Jinguk Security Council shall not be reviewable by the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of Justice.
Section 7. Commonwealth delegated legislation
The Jinguk Security Council may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 8. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Torts Act 2024
불법 행위 법률
An Act to make provision about the law of torts, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Duty and standard of care
Individuals shall have a legal obligation to exercise reasonable care to avoid causing harm to others. The standard of care shall be based on what a reasonably prudent person would do in similar circumstances.
Section 2. Proximate cause
The actions of the defendant shall have directly caused the harm incurred by the plaintiff without any intervening factors.
Section 3. Negligence and strict liability
Negligence shall be defined as failure to exercise reasonable care, resulting in harm to another person. If the activity or product involved is inherently dangerous, liability may be imposed on a defendant without proving negligence.
Section 5. Unintentional and intentional torts
Torts shall include actions committed without the intent to cause harm, such as negligence, and those with the intent to cause harm, such as assault, battery, defamation, or intentional infliction of emotional distress.
Section 6. Res ipsa loquitur
The court may infer negligence from the nature of an accident, even without direct evidence.
Section 7. Vicarious liability
Employers or principals may be held responsible for the tortious acts of their employees/ agents.
Section 8. Contributory negligence
Should the plaintiff's own negligence contributed to his injuries, the damages awarded to him may be reduced by the court.
Section 9. Damages
The plaintiff shall be entitled to seek compensation for the harm suffered, including economic and non-economic damages. The court may award remedy as it deems just and appropriate.
Section 10. Actionable harm
A harm caused by the defendant is actionable whether it is sustained against the plaintiff himself or his real or personal properties. A pure economic loss shall not be actionable unless the defendant assumed responsibility.
Section 11. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Meritocracy, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Act 2024
능력주의, 다양성, 형평성 및 포용성 법률
An Act to prohibit practices that undermine meritocracy, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Prohibition of affirmative action
(1) The Commonwealth shall forbid all forms of affirmative action through its laws and policies. Any affirmative action policy or programme shall ipso facto be null and void, deprived of all legal effect.
(2) The term ‘affirmative action’ under subsection (1) shall refer to a policy or programme adopted by a public or private institution that provides preferential treatment or additional resources to persons on the basis of their racial or gender identity.
Section 2. Defence of meritocracy
(1) The Commonwealth shall promote meritocracy through its laws and policies.
(2) The term ‘meritocracy’ under subsection (1) shall refer to a policy or programme adopted by a public or private institution that assigns individuals to positions of authority on the sole basis of their abilities and achievements, without any consideration of their social, cultural, or economic background, personal connections, or irrelevant personal characteristics.
Section 3. Definition of diversity
The term ‘diversity’ shall refer to harmony among individuals from all walks of life, not the equal or proportional representation of racial or gender groups within a public or private institution. Any definition of ‘diversity’ in any policy or programme adopted by a public or private institution incompatible with the definition provided in the Section shall be deprived of legal effect.
Section 4. Definition of equity
(1) The term ‘equity’ shall refer to fair and unbiased judgments made based on the Divine Principle, truth, and conscience, without any favouritism, and does not mean providing the same outcome to everyone, especially based on their race or gender. Any definition of ‘equity’ in any policy or programme adopted by a public or private institution that is incompatible with the definition provided in the Section shall be deprived of legal effect.
(2) This Section does prejudice the rules of equity and the Equity Act.
Section 5. Definition of inclusion
The term ‘inclusion' shall refer to creating an environment where all individuals are treated with respect and dignity. Any definition of ‘equity’ in any policy or programme adopted by a public or private institution incompatible with the definition provided in the Section shall be deprived of legal effect.
Section 6. Commonwealth delegated legislation
His Majesty’s Government may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 7. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Cancellation of Cancel Culture Act 2024
취소 문화 금지법
An Act to make provision about the prevention and suppression of cancel culture, and for connected purposes.
[1 September Seongchi 2]
Be it enacted by The Emperor’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of Confederal Councillors and Members of the House of Peoples in this present Commonwealth Assembly assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
Section 1. Definition of cancel conduct
Cancel conduct shall refer to communication or behaviour by one person against another in response to the latter having expressed an opinion or viewpoint that the former disagrees with, and where the former’s communication or behaviour instigates or procures others to shun, ostracise, or to cause financial harm to the latter.
Section 2. Legal proceedings and remedies against cancel conduct
An individual or body corporate who believes he is a victim of cancel conduct defined in Section 1 shall be entitled to commence civil proceedings in the High Court of the Supreme Court of Justice against the original initiator of that conduct as a complainant. Should the High Court rule in favour of the plaintiff, it may issue an order against any other person who has published the offending content, in addition to named respondent(s) that is enforceable against any account that has posted the offending content on the internet, and that demands damages to be paid by persons who posted the offending content to the complainant.
Section 3. Publication of court order against cancel conduct
Should a complainant successfully obtain the order mentioned in Section 2 may elect to publicise it for the purpose of deterrence.
Section 4. Commonwealth delegated legislation
His Majesty’s Government may make Commonwealth delegated legislation to implement this Act.
Section 5. Confederal subject legislation
Confederal subjects may adopt legislation that elaborates, but does not contradict, the above provisions.
Rules of Procedure of the House of Peoples
[1 September Seongchi 2]
These Rules of Procedure of the House of Peoples of the Commonwealth Assembly are a set of procedural norms that govern the dignified and efficient functioning of the House and conduct of Members of the Commonwealth Assembly in the lower chamber of the legislature of the Myeong Commonwealth.
Rule 1. Quorum
A simple majority of Members of the House of Peoples of the Commonwealth Assembly, hereinafter referred to as 'Members of the Commonwealth Assembly', must be present to conduct business.
Rule 2. Opening of the session
The Lord Speaker or Lord Speaker pro tempore shall call the session to order at the appointed time, and shall read the agenda.
Rule 3. The three readings
A bill shall be introduced into the House of Representatives by its sponsor in the First Reading. Debate and voting on the bill by Members of the Commonwealth Assembly shall be conducted in the Second Reading. Should the bill survive the Second Reading, minor amendments to the bill shall be proposed and voted upon in the Third Reading, after which the bill shall be declared passed or defeated by the Lord Speaker.
Rule 4. Motions
All motions shall be in writing and shall be seconded before discussion.
Rule 5. Debate
Members of the Commonwealth Assembly shall speak only when recognised by the Lord Speaker and shall address their remarks to the Lord Speaker. No Member of the Commonwealth Assembly shall speak more than once on the same motion, except with leave of the Lord Speaker.
Rule 6. Voting in a meeting
A motion shall be declared carried if it has been laid on the table of the House of Peoples and has remained unopposed or non-abstained by more than half of all Members of the Commonwealth Assembly present.
Rule 7. Voting by circulation
If it is not possible to summon an in-person meeting of the House of Peoples, the Lord Speaker or Lord Speaker pro tempore may electronically circulate a motion amongst all Members of the Commonwealth Assembly, who are entitled to debate and propose amendments. A motion shall be declared carried if it has not been opposed and/or abstained by more than half of all Members of the Commonwealth Assembly.
Rule 8. Amendments
Amendments shall be in writing and shall be seconded before discussion.
Rule 9. Point of order
A Member of the Commonwealth Assembly may rise to a point of order to call attention to a violation of these Rules of Procedure or to question the proceedings.
Rule 10. Suspension of the Rules
A two-thirds vote may suspend the Rules.
Rule 11. Adjournment
The session shall be adjourned by the Lord Speaker when the business of the day is completed.
Rule 12. Committees
The Lord Speaker shall appoint committees as necessary.
Rule 13. Lord Speaker pro tempore
Should the Lord Speaker be absent, a simple majority of Members of the Commonwealth Assembly may elect one of their own to become Lord Speaker pro tempore to host meetings of the House of Peoples until the return of the Lord Speaker. All references to the Lord Speaker in this and other legal documents, subject to interpretation, shall encompass the Lord Speaker pro tempore.
Rule 14. Amendments to the Rules
A two-thirds vote may amend these Rules. These Rules shall take effect immediately upon adoption or amendment.
Rules of Procedure of the Confederal Council
[1 September Seongchi 2]
These Rules of Procedure of the Confederal Council of the Commonwealth Assembly are a set of procedural norms that govern the dignified and efficient functioning of the Council and conduct of Confederal Councillors in the upper chamber of the legislature of the Myeong Commonwealth.
Rule 1. Quorum
A simple majority of Confederal Councillors must be present to conduct business.
Rule 2. Opening of the session
The Lord President or Lord President pro tempore shall call the session to order at the appointed time and shall read the agenda.
Rule 3. The three readings
A bill shall be introduced into the Confederal Council by its sponsor in the First Reading. Debate and voting on the bill by Confederal Councillors shall be conducted in the Second Reading. Should the bill survive the Second Reading, minor amendments to the bill shall be proposed and voted upon in the Third Reading, after which the bill shall be declared passed or defeated by the Lord President of the Confederal Council.
Rule 4. Motions
All motions shall be in writing and shall be seconded before discussion.
Rule 5. Debate
Confederal Councillors shall speak only when recognised by the Lord President, and shall address their remarks to the Speaker. No Confederal Councillor shall speak more than once on the same motion, except with leave of the Speaker.
Rule 6. Voting in a meeting
A motion shall be declared carried if it has not been opposed and/or abstained by more than half of all Confederal Councillors present.
Rule 7. Voting by circulation
If it is not possible to summon an in-person meeting of the Confederal Council, the Lord President or Lord President pro tempore may electronically circulate a motion amongst all Confederal Councillors, who are entitled to debate and propose amendments. A motion shall be declared carried if it has not been opposed and/or abstained by more than half of all Confederal Councillors.
Rule 8. Amendments
Amendments shall be in writing.
Rule 9. Point of order
A Confederal Councillor may rise to a point of order to call attention to a violation of these Rules of Procedure or to question the proceedings. The Lord President or Lord President pro tempore shall adjudicate on the alleged violation.
Rule 10. Suspension of the Rules
A two-thirds vote may suspend the Rules.
Rule 11. Adjournment
The session shall be adjourned by the Lord President when the business of the day is completed.
Rule 12. Committees
The Lord President shall appoint committees as necessary.
Rule 13. Lord President pro tempore
Should the Lord President be absent, a simple majority of Confederal Councillors may elect one of their own to become Lord President pro tempore to host meetings of the Confederal Council until the return of the Lord President. All references to the Lord President in this and other legal documents, subject to interpretation, shall encompass the Lord President pro tempore.
Rule 14. Amendments to the Rules
A two-thirds vote may amend these Rules. These Rules shall take effect immediately upon adoption or amendment.